• Sea Of Tranquility Katja Millay
• The Sea Of Tranquility Summary
• Where Is The Sea Of Tranquility Crossword Clue

Let’s go back to our main topic. Called Mare Tranquillitatis in Latin, the Sea of Tranquility is found in the Tranquillitatis basin of the Moon and is composed of basalt. Sea of Tranquility Massage and Wellness, LLC massage services from $0 in Florence, KY. Live the life you love, Love the life you live.

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Tranquility Base (Latin: Statio Tranquillitatis) is the site on the Moon where, in July 1969, humans landed and walked on another celestial body for the first time. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 crewmembers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar ModuleEagle at approximately 20:17:40 UTC. Armstrong exited the spacecraft six hours 39 minutes after touchdown, followed 19 minutes later by Aldrin. The astronauts spent two hours 31 minutes examining and photographing the lunar surface, setting up several scientific experiment packages, and collecting 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of dirt and rock samples for return to Earth. They lifted off the surface on July 21 at 17:54 UTC.

Tranquility Base was named by Aldrin and Armstrong, and first announced by Armstrong when the Lunar Module Eagle landed. Its lunar coordinates are 00°41′15″N, 23°26′00″E, in the south-western corner of the lunar lava-plain called Mare Tranquillitatis ('Sea of Tranquility').^[1]

Site selection[edit]

For more than two years, NASA planners considered a collection of 30 potential sites for the first crewed landing. Based on high-resolution photographs taken by the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft, and photos and data taken by the uncrewed Surveyor landers, this list was narrowed down to five sites located near the lunar equator, ranging between 45 degrees east and west, and 5 degrees north and south of the center of the Moon's facing side; these were numbered 1 to 5 going from east to west. Site number 2, centered at 0°42′50″N23°42′28″E / 0.71389°N 23.70778°E, was the Sea of Tranquility site ultimately chosen.^[2] Since a precision landing was not expected on the first mission, the target area was an ellipse measuring 11.5 miles (18.5 km) east-west by 3.0 miles (4.8 km) north-south.^[3]

On the actual landing, a combination of thrust from residual pressure in the docking tunnel that connected the Lunar Module with the Command Module in orbit, and an imperfect understanding of the Moon's uneven gravitational field, resulted in navigation errors which pushed the powered descent initiation point about 3 miles (4.8 km), and thus the computer-targeted landing spot about 4 miles (6.4 km), downrange (west) of the planned target.^[4] The automated targeting system was taking Eagle toward what Armstrong described as a 'football-field sized crater, with a large number of big boulders and rocks for about one or two crater diameters around it', which he avoided by assuming manual control and flying a bit further downrange.^[5] Thus the landing was still within the target ellipse.

Name[edit]

Armstrong named the site at 20:17:58 UTC, approximately 18 seconds after his and Aldrin's successful landing, as he announced:

Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.^[6]

During training, Armstrong and Aldrin had exclusively used the callsign 'Eagle' in simulated ground conversations, both before and after landing.^[7] Armstrong and Aldrin decided on using 'Tranquility Base' just before the flight, telling only Capsule CommunicatorCharles Duke before the mission, so Duke would not be taken by surprise.^[8]

The name has become a permanent designation for the site. Although the name was designated by the Apollo astronauts, the International Astronomical Union officially recognizes the designation 'Tranquility Base'. It is listed on lunar maps as Statio Tranquillitatis, conforming to the standard use of Latin for lunar place names.

Status[edit]

Sea Of Tranquility Katja Millay

About 100 artificial objects and footprints left by Armstrong and Aldrin remain at Tranquility Base. The descent stage of the Lunar Module remains at the original point of landing. According to Aldrin (with apparent confirmation from later Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photos^[9]), the US flag planted at the site during their moonwalk was blown over by the ascent rocket exhaust, but ostensibly remains there. A laser reflector was placed at the site to allow precise ongoing measurements of the distance to the Moon from Earth. A solar-powered seismometer was also left to measure moonquakes, but this stopped functioning after 21 days. A disc containing the Apollo 11 goodwill messages was left at the site, and various gear that was no longer needed for the return phase of the mission—including Aldrin's boots—was left behind to lighten the craft for return to lunar orbit.^[10]

As the site of the first human landing on an extraterrestrial body, Tranquility Base has cultural and historic significance. The U.S. states of California and New Mexico have listed it on their heritage registers, since their laws require only that listed sites have some association with the state.^[11]Texas has not granted similar status to the site, despite the location of Mission Control in Houston, as its historic preservation laws limit such designations to properties located within the state.^[12] The U.S. National Park Service has declined to grant it National Historic Landmark status to avoid violating the Outer Space Treaty's prohibition on any nation claiming sovereignty over any extraterrestrial body. It has not been proposed as a World Heritage Site since the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which oversees that program, limits nations to submitting sites within their own borders.^[12]

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Interest in according the site some formal protection grew in the early 21st century with the announcement of the Google Lunar X Prize for private corporations to successfully build spacecraft and reach the Moon; a $1 million bonus was offered for any competitor that visited a historic site on the Moon. One team, led by Astrobotic Technology, announced it would attempt to land a craft at Tranquility Base. Although it canceled those plans, the ensuing controversy led NASA to request that any other missions to the Moon, private or governmental, human or robotic, keep a distance of at least 75 meters (246 ft) from the site.^[12]

In July 2019, the One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act^[13] was introduced and passed in the U.S. Senate to protect Tranquility Base and other Apollo landing sites from damage from US-licensed space activity.^[14]

Gallery[edit]

• Lunar Orbiter 5 image from 1967, cropped to show the vicinity of the landing site of Apollo 11, used in mission planning. The image is centered precisely on a small crater called West crater (190 m in diameter), and the lunar module Eagle touched down about 550 m west of West Crater. The area shown is approximately 25 km × 25 km across.

• High-resolution Lunar Orbiter 5 image cropped to show the landing site of Apollo 11. The landing site is indicated by a red dot. The prominent crater at right is called West crater and is about 190 m in diameter.

• Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photo taken March 7, 2012. The Lunar Module descent stage, Laser Ranging RetroReflector, and Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package can be clearly seen. The craters Little West (at right) and Double (left of LM) are also shown.

• Buzz Aldrin's footprint at Tranquility Base (photograph by Aldrin)

• Orbital photo from Apollo 15 showing the landing site just below center. The bright crater is Moltke.

In popular culture[edit]

Tranquility Base is referenced in indie rock band Arctic Monkeys' 2018 album, Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino, as the location of a hotel and casino.^[15]

Tranquility Base is referenced in 'Boat on the River' ('. . . all roads lead to Tranquility Base..') by the American Rock band Styx, from their 1979 album Cornerstone.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^The Eagle Has Landed – 1969; Video Transcript for Archival Research Catalog (ARC) Identifier 45017(PDF), National Archives and Records Administration, 1969, retrieved Nov 27, 2015
2. ^'Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission Press Kit'(PDF) (Press release). NASA. July 6, 1969. pp. 82–85.
3. ^Chaikin, Andrew (2007). A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program. New York: Penguin Group. p. 88. ISBN978-0-14-311235-8.
4. ^Jones, Eric M. 'The First Lunar Landing, time 102:36:21'. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal – via NASA.
5. ^Jones, Eric M. 'Post-landing Activities , time 102:55:16'. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal – via NASA.
6. ^Jones, Eric M. (1995). 'Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: The First Lunar Landing'. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. Retrieved 2009-07-15 – via NASA.
7. ^Failure is Not an Option. History, 24 August 2003.
8. ^Chaikin, Andrew (2007). A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program. New York: Penguin Group. p. 637. ISBN978-0-14-311235-8. Author's note on page 206.
9. ^Moskowitz, Clara. 'Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing, Photos Reveal'. Space.com. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
10. ^Milstein, Michael. 'NASA Looks to Protect Historic Sites on the Moon'. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
11. ^Donaldson, Milford Wayne (Winter 2010). 'One Small Step for Man, One Giant Leap for Preservation'(PDF). California State Parks. p. 2. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
12. ^ ^abcChang, Kenneth (January 10, 2012). 'To Preserve History on the Moon, Visitors Are Asked to Tread Lightly'. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
13. ^One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act, S. 1694 at Congress.gov
14. ^Engel, Currie (July 18, 2019). 'Inside the Fight to Save the Moon's Historic Sites'. Time. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
15. ^Breihan, Tom (May 10, 2018). 'Premature Evaluation: Arctic Monkeys Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino'. Stereogum. Retrieved May 12, 2018.

External links[edit]

• Surface panorama of landing site (by Armstrong), Lunar and Planetary Institute
• Photo Number IV-085-H1, Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon, showing the Apollo 11 landing site and vicinity

Tranquility Base (Latin: Statio Tranquillitatis) is the site on the Moon where, in July 1969, humans landed and walked on another celestial body for the first time. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 crewmembers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar ModuleEagle at approximately 20:17:40 UTC. Armstrong exited the spacecraft six hours 39 minutes after touchdown, followed 19 minutes later by Aldrin. The astronauts spent two hours 31 minutes examining and photographing the lunar surface, setting up several scientific experiment packages, and collecting 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of dirt and rock samples for return to Earth. They lifted off the surface on July 21 at 17:54 UTC.

Tranquility Base was named by Aldrin and Armstrong, and first announced by Armstrong when the Lunar Module Eagle landed. Its lunar coordinates are 00°41′15″N, 23°26′00″E, in the south-western corner of the lunar lava-plain called Mare Tranquillitatis ('Sea of Tranquility').^[1]

Site selection[edit]

For more than two years, NASA planners considered a collection of 30 potential sites for the first crewed landing. Based on high-resolution photographs taken by the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft, and photos and data taken by the uncrewed Surveyor landers, this list was narrowed down to five sites located near the lunar equator, ranging between 45 degrees east and west, and 5 degrees north and south of the center of the Moon's facing side; these were numbered 1 to 5 going from east to west. Site number 2, centered at 0°42′50″N23°42′28″E / 0.71389°N 23.70778°E, was the Sea of Tranquility site ultimately chosen.^[2] Since a precision landing was not expected on the first mission, the target area was an ellipse measuring 11.5 miles (18.5 km) east-west by 3.0 miles (4.8 km) north-south.^[3]

On the actual landing, a combination of thrust from residual pressure in the docking tunnel that connected the Lunar Module with the Command Module in orbit, and an imperfect understanding of the Moon's uneven gravitational field, resulted in navigation errors which pushed the powered descent initiation point about 3 miles (4.8 km), and thus the computer-targeted landing spot about 4 miles (6.4 km), downrange (west) of the planned target.^[4] The automated targeting system was taking Eagle toward what Armstrong described as a 'football-field sized crater, with a large number of big boulders and rocks for about one or two crater diameters around it', which he avoided by assuming manual control and flying a bit further downrange.^[5] Thus the landing was still within the target ellipse.

Name[edit]

Armstrong named the site at 20:17:58 UTC, approximately 18 seconds after his and Aldrin's successful landing, as he announced:

Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.^[6]

The Sea Of Tranquility Summary

During training, Armstrong and Aldrin had exclusively used the callsign 'Eagle' in simulated ground conversations, both before and after landing.^[7] Armstrong and Aldrin decided on using 'Tranquility Base' just before the flight, telling only Capsule CommunicatorCharles Duke before the mission, so Duke would not be taken by surprise.^[8]

The name has become a permanent designation for the site. Although the name was designated by the Apollo astronauts, the International Astronomical Union officially recognizes the designation 'Tranquility Base'. It is listed on lunar maps as Statio Tranquillitatis, conforming to the standard use of Latin for lunar place names.

Status[edit]

About 100 artificial objects and footprints left by Armstrong and Aldrin remain at Tranquility Base. The descent stage of the Lunar Module remains at the original point of landing. According to Aldrin (with apparent confirmation from later Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photos^[9]), the US flag planted at the site during their moonwalk was blown over by the ascent rocket exhaust, but ostensibly remains there. A laser reflector was placed at the site to allow precise ongoing measurements of the distance to the Moon from Earth. A solar-powered seismometer was also left to measure moonquakes, but this stopped functioning after 21 days. A disc containing the Apollo 11 goodwill messages was left at the site, and various gear that was no longer needed for the return phase of the mission—including Aldrin's boots—was left behind to lighten the craft for return to lunar orbit.^[10]

As the site of the first human landing on an extraterrestrial body, Tranquility Base has cultural and historic significance. The U.S. states of California and New Mexico have listed it on their heritage registers, since their laws require only that listed sites have some association with the state.^[11]Texas has not granted similar status to the site, despite the location of Mission Control in Houston, as its historic preservation laws limit such designations to properties located within the state.^[12] The U.S. National Park Service has declined to grant it National Historic Landmark status to avoid violating the Outer Space Treaty's prohibition on any nation claiming sovereignty over any extraterrestrial body. It has not been proposed as a World Heritage Site since the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which oversees that program, limits nations to submitting sites within their own borders.^[12]

Interest in according the site some formal protection grew in the early 21st century with the announcement of the Google Lunar X Prize for private corporations to successfully build spacecraft and reach the Moon; a $1 million bonus was offered for any competitor that visited a historic site on the Moon. One team, led by Astrobotic Technology, announced it would attempt to land a craft at Tranquility Base. Although it canceled those plans, the ensuing controversy led NASA to request that any other missions to the Moon, private or governmental, human or robotic, keep a distance of at least 75 meters (246 ft) from the site.^[12]

In July 2019, the One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act^[13] was introduced and passed in the U.S. Senate to protect Tranquility Base and other Apollo landing sites from damage from US-licensed space activity.^[14]

Gallery[edit]

• Lunar Orbiter 5 image from 1967, cropped to show the vicinity of the landing site of Apollo 11, used in mission planning. The image is centered precisely on a small crater called West crater (190 m in diameter), and the lunar module Eagle touched down about 550 m west of West Crater. The area shown is approximately 25 km × 25 km across.

• High-resolution Lunar Orbiter 5 image cropped to show the landing site of Apollo 11. The landing site is indicated by a red dot. The prominent crater at right is called West crater and is about 190 m in diameter.

• Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photo taken March 7, 2012. The Lunar Module descent stage, Laser Ranging RetroReflector, and Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package can be clearly seen. The craters Little West (at right) and Double (left of LM) are also shown.

• Buzz Aldrin's footprint at Tranquility Base (photograph by Aldrin)

• Orbital photo from Apollo 15 showing the landing site just below center. The bright crater is Moltke.

In popular culture[edit]

Tranquility Base is referenced in indie rock band Arctic Monkeys' 2018 album, Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino, as the location of a hotel and casino.^[15]

Tranquility Base is referenced in 'Boat on the River' ('. . . all roads lead to Tranquility Base..') by the American Rock band Styx, from their 1979 album Cornerstone.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^The Eagle Has Landed – 1969; Video Transcript for Archival Research Catalog (ARC) Identifier 45017(PDF), National Archives and Records Administration, 1969, retrieved Nov 27, 2015
2. ^'Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission Press Kit'(PDF) (Press release). NASA. July 6, 1969. pp. 82–85.
3. ^Chaikin, Andrew (2007). A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program. New York: Penguin Group. p. 88. ISBN978-0-14-311235-8.
4. ^Jones, Eric M. 'The First Lunar Landing, time 102:36:21'. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal – via NASA.
5. ^Jones, Eric M. 'Post-landing Activities , time 102:55:16'. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal – via NASA.
6. ^Jones, Eric M. (1995). 'Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: The First Lunar Landing'. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. Retrieved 2009-07-15 – via NASA.
7. ^Failure is Not an Option. History, 24 August 2003.
8. ^Chaikin, Andrew (2007). A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program. New York: Penguin Group. p. 637. ISBN978-0-14-311235-8. Author's note on page 206.
9. ^Moskowitz, Clara. 'Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing, Photos Reveal'. Space.com. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
10. ^Milstein, Michael. 'NASA Looks to Protect Historic Sites on the Moon'. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
11. ^Donaldson, Milford Wayne (Winter 2010). 'One Small Step for Man, One Giant Leap for Preservation'(PDF). California State Parks. p. 2. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
12. ^ ^abcChang, Kenneth (January 10, 2012). 'To Preserve History on the Moon, Visitors Are Asked to Tread Lightly'. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
13. ^One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act, S. 1694 at Congress.gov
14. ^Engel, Currie (July 18, 2019). 'Inside the Fight to Save the Moon's Historic Sites'. Time. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
15. ^Breihan, Tom (May 10, 2018). 'Premature Evaluation: Arctic Monkeys Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino'. Stereogum. Retrieved May 12, 2018.

Where Is The Sea Of Tranquility Crossword Clue

External links[edit]

• Surface panorama of landing site (by Armstrong), Lunar and Planetary Institute
• Photo Number IV-085-H1, Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon, showing the Apollo 11 landing site and vicinity